Complex and confusing at times, so fuel trims are the variable here then?
Yes and they are exactly as the name describes, a trim, e.g. a small correction value to ensure optimum fuel combustion and hence minimum emissions.
Consider how the engine management system works, in simple terms
1) A demand is applied by the right foot
2) The ECU weighs the air coming in (via the MAF - Mass Air Flow sensor)
3) The ECU looks at engine revs
4) The ECU considers the throttle position and, the rate of change of throttle position (d'throttle/dt)
5) The ECU looks up in the engine map the required mass of fuel required to properly combust the mass of air (so its like making a cake!)
6) The ECU injects the required mass of fuel (considering air temp for correction also, but this is a minimal change)
7) The ECU then looks at the O2 sensor to see how well it did.
Its at stage 7 that the correction values are created, and used to modify the mass of fuel injected.
Have a read in the guides section as I did a short write up many years ago on the cycling weak/rich of the mixture for optimal mixture control.
This is also why raising fuel rail pressure and various other mods don't work, as the trim value dials them out!