To be honest, if i was upgrading to a new HD I would take the opportunity where possible to do a fresh Install of the OS, particularly if moving over over to SSD, pain in the butt but cleanest way. Before you give up on your CHKDSK of your existing HD, try it in Safemode and or MS Prompt, or better still can you hang the Drive of another machine and check the drive?
Take it youve got a System Recovery Disk or USB, if not make one now, just in case. Do you have a recent Backed Image of the Drive?
Going back to your Disk Cloning, take it your just cloning the Data and not Sector by Sector, although I would have thought Acronis should be doing this anyway?, If the Disk Clone doesn't work you could try Partition Copy or Clone, the Target Drive may not Boot but you can sort that with a recovery Disk or Tools / Utilities with a good Cloning Software.
Not a big fan of Acronis, some simple ones That I would recommend are free versions of EaseUs or HDClone, EaseUs do some nice freebies, ranging from Cloning, Partition Master, and ToDo BackUp, Recovery and PC Transfer, both of them will Optimization for SSD upgrades as well.
Personally I also Partition my Drives into OS, Program Files, Documents and stuff, then leave some spare Partitions at the Back for he Heavy Data like Vidoes, Pics etc, with a Free Space Partition for Back Up Images before moving them across to another Back Up location. Sounds like a pain, but once set up you can resize each Partition to suit and it makes it all so much easier to Bak Up, Restore and shift Data around when swapping Failed Drives or doing Upgrades.
Im also a bit old fashioned when it comes to back ups and will also Image each of my Drive Partitions in good old Windows Images (best to use Win7 Utilities option in Win10), ok so its not the most efficient way these days, but a lot, if not all, of 3rd Party Back Up / Imaging Software these days will Compress, Split and Convert your Image into there own format so its not MS compatible, meaning your need to Install there Software on a New working Recovery before you do anything with your Bak Ups. Theres a lot to be said for a proper Windows Drive Image and a simple Win Recovery Disk when the shit really does hit the fan.
Good luck with it all.