I agree with Varche. Get rid of all the crap and replaster.
Contrary to other post, that is NOT way too wet for a seal leakage. If it has been like it a long time, bathroom used constantly, it just gets wetter and wetter with no chance to dry out.
You have to get off ALL affected plaster, and maybe more where the concrete underneath may be damp but not yet soaked the plaster. So you'll need to chisel away the plaster until you find dry concrete.
Then the concrete must be dry before plastering. Circulation of cool air, by leaving windows open or even a fan (which will make the place smell a bit).
Once dry, replaster. DO NOT use the damp stuff you proposed. All that happens is it will disguise any future problem you may have. If damp does start again, it will not penetrate it and so will find another way. Maybe popping tiles eventually in the bathroom.
Obviously important to rule out any pipe leaks the other side, and remember that the seal around the bath is never a forever thing. If and when it starts to come away in years to come, deal with it.