A bit of info as there are no hard and fast rules, all in Bar as that is what you will find speciifed these days (as Psi in the design and engineering world is long gone....thankfuly)
1.) Pressure of diesel between tank and injection pump (I believe it's low like 4 psi???)
Its very dependent on the engine/model e.g. if its a VP44 (and many other setups e.g. CAV's etc) type application then there will be a slight vaccum as there is no lift pump in the tank. Others such as the Omega 2.5TD havea lift pump that runs during cranking and then shuts down.
2.) Pressure of diesel between injection pump and injectors (very high iirc)
Again, VERY application dependent and will often be linked to the dynamic compression ratio and many other factors, 240 bar is pretty typical pop pressure in my experience although some older setups are less with common rail systems running around the 400+ bar mark up to the order of 1800 bar for the very latest Gen 3.
3.) Pressure of diesel sprayed from injector in to the combustion chamber
Enough to cut your finger off ! (no joke!). Reality is that at the point it exits the injector it will be close to the pop pressure or rail pressure.....the further from the nozzle, the less (obviously)
4.) Pressure of petrol between tank and injectors
Typicaly 3-4bar
5.) Pressure of petrol sprayed from injectors in to the combustion chamber.
For a start, the only system that sprays the fuel actualy into the combustion chamber is a direct injection setup where the pressure is 25-around 200bar dependent on the system and operating conditions.
For those that spray into the inlet (usualy the back of the valve), its as per the fuel pressure e.g. 3-4bar at the point it exits the nozzle