Are the plugs wet with fuel when you remove them, especially with it having a spark but not firing

If they are still totally dry after cranking and and getting a spark, to me, that would suggest gummed up injectors maybe

Have you checked that the fuel "pumps" as far as the rail though

That valve there is for pressure release (like a bicycle valve) and the rail does hold pressure ... If you're using that valve to test you are best to see if , after releasing all the rail pressure it regains it's pressure and releases fuel again! I would still pull the feed pipe off to see if it flows correctly from the pump (you only need 2 spanners and it's a fast job honest)

I wouldn't worry too much about the temperature that you were using the car in as this is very unlikely to freeze petrol ... Petrol is usually good without freezing until you get down to -40 to -60 degrees c, Diesel on the other hand is totally different and you can get problem of waxing at around -15 degrees and would need some additives if you intended using diesel anywhere near -20 degrees!
Lastly if everything seems O.k just make sure you haven't topped it up with diesel by mistake (you would tell straight away by smelling fuel you drain off ... it really does stink nasty) ! If it's full of diesel you will never get it going without flushing the fuel tank

So to summarise ... Check that fuel pumps correctly by removing the feed pipe and that flow is good, Check after trying to start the car a few times if the spark plugs are wet with fuel (it's the easiest way to tell if you have fuel feed into the engine) and Be 100% sure there is no diesel fuel in it!
Only other things I know of to check is the crank sensor (this can stop starting the engine) but it's not common for it not to put the engine light on, the above issue with a failed cam sensor
(non GM camshaft sensors are useless and fail rapidly) and maybe an immobiliser fault but then you would have no spark !
Hope that gives you a bit more of an idea