Cat A- The vehicle must be destroyed, nothing of value to salvage.
Cat B - Only for parts, not for resale or ever to be put back on the road.
Cat C - Repair is possible, but the estimated cost is more than the value of the vehicle at the time of the damage, therefore it's a total loss.
Cat D - Repair is possible, but would cost a % of the vehicle's value and not deemed economical, but can be repaired.
Cat C requires a VIC check, this is a vehicle identity check, this does not establish roadworthiness, just establishes the identity of the vehicle is correct. This is not required for Cat D.
When you look at the V5C, look at the bottom left hand corner in section 3 (Special Notes). It will always says 'Declared new at first registration' Unless it's an import. In this section it should say something like- Substanially altered or repaired if it's Cat C. Cat D doesn't usually do that. That's the acid test with the insurers, if on the V5C it doesn't mention anything like that it's normally fine.
I have had to advise a friend of this recently. It is also prudent to get an engineers report of the vehicle if your insurance query anything.
If you need any more assitance, let me know Dave
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EDIT: Also to add, Phil's right. Cat D is normally also given to stolen recovered, when there is no damage to the vehicle. If the insurers pay out and the vehicle is subsequently recovered, it then becomes a Cat D.
But, do please note that Cat D does devalue a vehicle regardless of any damage or not. If it's immaculate but still Cat D, it is still worth less compared to an equivalent unrecorded vehicle.