With regards to Public v Private pay, this is the best arguement I could find:
Ben Goldacre
The Guardian, Saturday 9 January 2010
Article history
'Public sector pay races ahead in a recession" shouted the front page of this week's Sunday Times. "Public sector workers earn 7% more on average than their peers in the private sector – a pay gulf that has more than doubled since the recession began." The Telegraph followed up with a copycat story a few hours later.
In reality, this is one of those interesting areas where anybody who makes a firm statement is wrong, because there is not sufficient evidence to make a confident assertion in either direction.
The Sunday Times has identified a difference in the median pay of all public sector employees in the country, when compared with all the private sector employees in the country, and over-extrapolated from there to claim that – job for job – public sector employees are paid more than their peers in the private sector. We will discuss whether that figure is worse than useless in a moment.
But first, some interesting details. For its analysis, the Sunday Times uses "annual salary" instead of "hourly pay", although the latter is clearly more meaningful, especially as the Sunday Times quote the annual salary figures for part-time and full-time employees, all mixed together. But 31% of public sector jobs are part-time, against 23% of private sector jobs.
In fact, quoting "hourly salary" would have made the difference between the public and private sector median wages look even bigger. So why did the Sunday Times and the Telegraph use annual pay? Perhaps because this figure makes the difference in medians look like a new phenomenon under the present government. Using the hourly figures, you can see that public sector median pay has been higher than private sector median pay for years.
If you go to the "annual survey of hours and earnings" data on the ONS website which the Sunday Times used, you can see for yourself. It was £7.98 v £6.72 in 1997 under the previous government, a difference of almost 20%, and £8.56 v £7.32 in 1999. Meanwhile the "annual salary" difference which the Times chose to use was negligible in 1999 (the first year ONS gave this figure), at £15,002 v £14,963, a difference of 0.3%, allowing them to create this illusion of a brand new phenomenon.
More than that, using the "annual salary" figure allows the Sunday Times to claim dramatically that the difference has doubled in two years: the difference in medians for annual pay has gone from 3.8% to 6.8% since 2007, while the difference in hourly pay has gone from 25.1% to 28.7%, which is much less eye-catching. The Sunday Times continues: "Last year the average public sector worker laboured for 35 hours a week … two hours less than the typical private sector worker." Is this really down to laziness, and better working conditions? No. Again, this is simply due to the greater number of part time jobs in the public sector – 31% v 23% – which is a long-standing phenomenon.
But there is a deeper problem with the analysis in the Sunday Times and the Telegraph. The long-standing difference in median wage for all jobs in each sector is hardly informative on the question of whether someone is paid more or less than their peer in the other sector. It's hard to decide what the comparison job is for a policeman, a firefighter, a teacher, and so on, and to make that comparison between medians meaningful you'd need data showing the breakdown of what kinds of jobs are done in each sector. Because it's possible, after all, that the state employs more people in more senior or middling roles, and fewer people in the kinds of jobs you find at the absolute bottom of the employment ladder.
For an illustration, we can poke around the ONS ASHE data again. The national median hourly wage is £11.03. If you take table 14_5a of the 2009 data, re-order it by wage, and look at the bottom three categories with over 1 million people in them, as a rough illustration, we have: 1,126,000 sales and retail assistants on a median hourly wage of £6.36; 1,355,000 cashiers at £6.40; 1,430,000 in sales at £6.45.
None of these are jobs you find in the public sector, although there are also cleaners at the low wage end of this table. If someone here was quoting data comparing public-private wages for the same kind of cleaning jobs, say, then that would be interesting. There's no such data on offer. The Sunday Times says: "Our reports today show, the public sector has become so big and such a generous employer that it is sucking workers out of private companies."
I don't see how they can justify this, other than with their laughable case studies, and if it's true, it should be an long-standing trend, not a new one.
I could go on. It's not surprising if public sector pay increased from what it used to be, under this government: improving recruitment for teachers and the like was a manifesto promise. But as for a comparison, I don't know if the public sector pays more than the private sector for the same work, or less: nobody does, from a difference in median wages. This was one of the most statistically misleading front page stories I have seen in a long time.
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